" Octobre", n. 1 February 1938 *
The Italian Fraction
The Italian Fraction of the Conference was formed officially Pantin, in 1928, when the Communist International came after many exclusion of international communities in all countries, the decisions of the Sixth Congress which sanctioned the incompatibility of membership in the Comintern and the defense of revolutionary positions. In fact, the Italian Fraction could build up during the civil war, which is of very harsh forms in Italy, and di una lotta assai forte contro il centrismo. Verso la fine della Prima Guerra mondiale , in seno al Partito Socialista Italiano diretto dagli opportunisti del famoso "né aderire, né sabotare la guerra" (che andarono a Zimmerwald), apparve la corrente degli "astensionisti" con a capo Bordiga e la Federazione di Napoli, che pubblicava "Il Soviet" .
Nella forma dell’astensionismo parlamentare faceva la sua apparizione la prima frazione marxista solidale con la Rivoluzione russa, non a parole, ma con l’elaborazione di posizioni comuniste, che ne dovevano fare la capofila della scissione con i traditori e l’artefice principale della founding of the Communist Party of Italy. We know that Lenin, in ' Extremism, childhood disease of communism, made a great disservice to the Italian Communists, judging on the basis of fragmentary and incomplete information, only for their abstention parliamentary and crediting the opportunists of the 'New Order' of Turin. The turnout, which was an aspect of differentiation between communists and socialists associated with the capitalist state, was not then a matter of principle , but a similar position to that defense by the Bolsheviks in 1906, at the time of the boycott Duma, shortly after the assault of the revolutionary Russian workers. Moreover, in 1924, the Fascist era of the rise, the Left urged the electoral participation of Bordiga.
In January 1921 in Livorno, the fraction holding back, just by the Socialist Party's breakaway direct da Serra, founded the Communist Party of Italy . The Italian situation was already affected by the betrayal of the socialist, who had dismissed the giant factory occupation movement, and the outbreak of the bloody attack fascism, coupled with the repression of the capitalist state. Socialists and capitalists disarmed the Italian workers, while fascist state forces and passed the physical elimination and destruction of workers' organizations.
A year later, at the Second Congress, the Communist Party - where had gathered the best energies of the Italian proletariat - adopted the "thesis of Rome" , which summarizes the principles of the first class party of Italian workers . The organic nature of the party, its relationship with the class and other organizations, his tactics during the wars and revolutions are delivered in this thesis that the centrism seems to accept, in 1923, in Italy, to reject them as soon as he could get away with it with the help of the International Communist. This thesis, which continues the historical journey of Lenin from 1903 to 1917, met the opposition of the International. The latter, however, until the death of Lenin, not ever openly rejected, although Spartakists oblige the Germans to follow the opposite line, forcing them to merge with the Independent Socialists.
Al III and IV Congress of the Comintern, the Italian party, led by the Left, opposed to the directives which led to German defeat in 1923 and had yet received the support of Lenin and, in particular, Trotsky. was at the express request of Lenin and the Left gave up Bordiga resign the party leadership, although majority in Congress, since for the Marxists it was not possible to solve the problems of the revolution in a country as minority worldwide.
the V Congress, held after the defeat of '23, the Left rejected the bargaining propostole by Zinoviev, who gave the party leadership campaign in exchange for the support of the anti-Trotskyists in Russia. On many issues, it was at odds with Trotsky, who, however, represented at least a reaction to international centrism, and that was sufficient to impose a total solidarity. The Left, which are still major in the party, so he resigned from all positions , and began the ideological struggle, with the formation of a current , would have led to the birth of the Left Fraction. In 1926, the Marxist who, with Bordiga, was opposed, in Italy, the adventures of centrism (eg., Aventine secession in 1924) and, internationally, the fight against "socialism in one one country ", the" Bolshevization ", the Anglo-Russian Committee, drew up a paper that was presented to the [III] Congress of the Communist Party of Italy [Lyon, 1926, ed ]. Questo documento è conosciuto come "Piattaforma della Sinistra".
Le "Tesi di Roma" (ripudiate dai centristi) e la "Piattaforma" furono i documenti di base per la formazione, a Pantin, della Frazione Italiana ; il suo organo in lingua italiana era "Prometeo" (tutt’ora esistente).
Quando, nel 1930, si costituì l’ Opposizione Internazionale di Sinistra , diretta da Trockij esiliato in Turchia, la Frazione Italiana vi partecipò rivendicando i propri documenti fondativi. Trockij salutò la "Piattaforma" del 1926 come uno dei migliori documenti dell’opposizione, which would not have prevented to wage a struggle maneuvers and intrigues for the Village to bend its policy.
Since January 1932, the deep crisis of the international left had sharpened the differences between the Village and Trotsky, who used bureaucratic methods to form groups and divide, dissolving and displacing the international leadership, attacking the village who refused to participate in this game, which prevented the establishment of common institutions in different countries. The opposition between fidelity to "the first four Congresses of the Communist International" - I believe the trockijsmo - Marxist analysis of events of the war - which saw the international triumph of centrism - found its expression not only in ' opposition between the policy of "rectification of the parties" and the establishment of villages in the party agents and only channel of Marxist thought, but also in ' opposition between "democratic slogans" - that would be the champion of Trotsky's imperialist war in Spain and China - and classist thesis, for which the proletariat and its positions are the only passwords appropriate to the situation after the war.
the end of 1932, the eve of Hitler's accession to power, the separation took place on the basis of a proposal to exclude the County, made by Trotsky (Gourov) in parallel, could see a chance of winning in Germany, with Thällman.
In 1935, after the open betrayal of centrism - which followed the final death of the Communist International and the entry of Russia into the League of Nations - the Italian hamlet was transformed and, by factions of the party Italian Communist, became the fraction of the new revolutionary party that the eruptions would have allowed to form [ Italian Fraction of the International Communist Left , ed ] . This happened at a time when the Italian imperialism unleashed the war in Abyssinia, and the Congress focused on the problems of transformation of the fraction in part, that the betrayal of centrism and the opening phase of imperialist wars imperiously posed. It was stated that a current wanted to replace the actual process of class struggle - fertilizing the conditions necessary for the formation of the party - a generator of voluntarism and opportunism of the Communist review of the program. The main leaders of this current were to be the minority in the course of events in Spain have supported the imperialist war , passing on the other side of the fence.
At the end of 1932, the Italian Fraction decided to work together with the Communists Internationalistes Ligue des de Belgique, based on a critical convergence in the positions of the international (Trotskyists), containing the central issues of critical labor movement: the State and the Party.
The events in Spain were to lead to a crisis within the hamlet and its relationship with LBJ, in which appeared the other hand, a Marxist confluent con quella maggioritaria nella Frazione. L’esclusione dalla Frazione Italiana della minoranza che sfuggiva alla discussione, avrebbe poi preceduto la rottura con la Ligue ove si sarebbe verificata una scissione (vedi la risoluzione della C. E., "Bilan", n. 42). Nel novembre 1933, parallelamente alla collaborazione con la Ligue belga, la Frazione iniziò a pubblicare una rivista teorica, al fine d’intraprendere un lavoro di chiarificazione internazionale che doveva spingere i gruppi di avanguardia che avevano rotto con Trockij a seguire il cammino della formazione di frazioni di sinistra. [Tale rivista era "Bilan" - nota di Jean Barrot ]
A quell’epoca tutti i tentativi fraction of the order to build up a Bureau International clashed with passivity and confusion of the existing groups, including only the Ligue seemed willing to countenance a serious international discussion.
With the war in Spain, all the differences with the League and other groups resulted in a split that marked the fall of these "left communists" in the swamp of capitalist ideology. opened a new phase, that of the formation of left fractions against all existing groups on the basis of programmatic notions on the State party and proclaimed by the County, along with the minority of the Belgian League. This effort received its consecration with the formation of the Bureau of fractions Left and the transformation of "Bilan" in "Octobre" .
Currently, the Village Italian public "Prometheus" and "The Seed" , body of discussion, in Italian, which serves as a theoretical tool for the Congress of the fraction. In a forthcoming report we will discuss the differences that exist today in the County, discussed the problems and find their expression in "Prometheus" and "The Seed".
The Hamlet Belgian
February 21 193 7, the National Conference della Ligue des Communistes Internationaliste s de Belgique dichiara incompatibile l’appartenenza all’organizzazione con l’adesione alla risoluzione pubblicata da Jehan nel suo "Bulletin". Si trattava della contrapposizione tra i partecipazionisti alla guerra imperialista spagnola e gli internazionalisti sostenitori delle posizioni classiste .
Pertanto una minoranza – l’insieme del gruppo di Bruxelles, eccetto tre compagni (tra cui Hennaut) – lasciava la Ligue. Il 15 aprile appariva il primo numero del suo bollettino mensile, contenente i documenti di base concernenti la costituzione della Frazione Belga della Sinistra Comunista Internazionale . It was not, as Hennaut wanted to believe, an offshoot of the Italian Fraction, but the conclusion of the whole process during which the Belgian proletariat had arrived for the first time, to lay the groundwork for the construction of a genuine class party.
We know that the Belgian Communist Party was created by the socialist youth, the lure of the Russian Revolution, left the POB. In Belgium, to its formation was not preceded by social events, because the bourgeoisie was able, thanks to compromise Lophem , curb with the "social reform" the tide ebbed towards the proletarian organizations of the POB. Very soon, the young core community was embroiled in a merger, imposed by the Comintern, with the group of the Left Socialist Jacquemotte. However, in 1928, the majority party in the opposition that, after the split of Antwerp, were with him all the militant vanguard of the labor movement in Belgium. The Opposition moved to grope among the multitude of problems posed to the Marxist left. The absence of major social movements and the impression of stagnation in general, not just the score they recorded that quickly permeated. Bisognava agire come partito o come frazione? Questi problemi erano dibattuti al suo interno senza esito, allorché era evidente che unicamente un lavoro come frazione – seppur escluso dall’Opposizione – avrebbe permesso di approcciare i problemi della degenerazione centrista e di elaborare le posizioni che avrebbero consentito, al momento del tradimento del centrismo, di evolvere verso la costituzione del nuovo partito. Trockij, dal suo esilio, pose imperativamente i termini del problema ("raddrizzamento dei partiti" contra frazioni di sinistra) e senza attendere una discussione internazionale, senza comprendere le difficoltà inevitabili Belgian Opposition, led to the question of Eastern China (the railroad sold by Stalin to China) a split that finally broke up the Belgian opposition. The latter was split into two sections: the first (the Federation of Charleroi) created the group official Trotskyists would play out in POB, and then come up with elements of the left and form the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the second gave birth to Ligue des Communists Internationalistes de Belgique that vegetated until 1932. At a time when the group degenerated Trotskyists, excluded items internationalists and broke with the Italian Left, the Ligue appeared as the only group class survived.
Meanwhile reactionary opposed the idea of \u200b\u200b"rectifying" the confused idea of \u200b\u200b"new parties", the Ligue admitted however that there were no historical conditions and ideological preparation to constitute them. On the other hand, with regard to "democracy and fascism," in terms of principles, gave a satisfactory answer (although today the magazine has to support the English Republicans) not considered possible to be satisfied of the "first four Congresses of the Communist ".
His collaboration with the Italian Fraction , which led to a widening of the base work, and the arrival of new items left in standby or Trotskyists from the group, would have resulted in an atmosphere of discussion in which they addressed the key problems of the communist movement at both the international specifically on that of Belgium. During these discussions, that examined the evolution of Russia and the new international situation and the Belgian, who appeared for the differences crystallized gradually in two currents that were still, however, a common work. The differences focused on Russia, the problem of war (Abyssinia), democracy (the plebiscite Saar), on the elections, the Socialist Left and, finally, the problem of the party and the process of its formation in Belgium, and were exhibited in the "Bulletin" of the Ligue and the "Cahiers" (particularly "Bilan").
At the end of this development, the English events put the two currents meet the need of giving expression to their political differences and expressed opposition in principle. The problem of the State and the Party saw there were two opposing positions, one of which led to imperialist war and the other to fight for the proletarian revolution . The division was necessary and was place.
In the process of evolution of the current that would form the Village of Belgium, the Italian Fraction actively intervened, but as an accelerator class tend to be defined and how the international support of the Italian proletariat, the proletariat Belgian dragged in supporting the imperialist war.
If, then, from the point of view, there is no historical link between the Belgian and the first fraction which formed the nucleus of the Communist Party, in reality, such a link exists from the perspective of the historical evolution of the proletariat Belgian, as the current fraction that is not the fulfillment of the effort made by the proletariat in all countries after 1917: the creation of the basis of the class party.
Paragraph 1 of "Communism" , monthly organ of the Belgian hamlet, has published a statement, the starting point for the development of its platform, which was inspired by the same principles as the Italian Fraction. In its bulletin, has already published a series of resolutions on the central problems of the current situation inside the debate continues on a set of issues that we discuss in our next issue.
* "Octobre", the monthly organ of the Bureau International des Fractions de la Gauche Communiste No 1 February 1938. On Fractions of the Belgian and Italian history of the Communist Left, see [Philippe Bourrinet ] The Italian Communist Left. 1927-1952 , CCI , 1984.
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